Colloque « Vibration & conservation » : présentation et résumés
Le 7 novembre 2024, l’Institut national du patrimoine a accueilli le colloque international « Vibration & conservation ». Ce colloque était suivi d’une journée d’ateliers pratiques au laboratoire de recherche de l’INP à Aubervilliers. On trouvera ci-dessous une présentation du colloque et de son programme, ainsi que le résumé des principales interventions. L’intégralité de la captation vidéo des conférences du 7 novembre est par ailleurs disponible en ligne sur le site internet de l’INP.
Présentation générale
Au cours de sa vie, un objet du patrimoine est amené à être sollicité en vibration à de nombreuses reprises (à l’occasion, par exemple, de déplacements internes à l’établissement où il est conservé, pour rejoindre un espace de travail depuis un espace de réserve, ou de déplacements externes dès lors qu’il s’agit d’un prêt). Les vibrations peuvent également être générées par des éléments intrinsèques au musée (un système de climatisation trop puissant, un flux de visiteurs important) ou extrinsèques, (des travaux de génie civil ou des transports publics à proximité immédiate des collections). Enfin, dans les espaces patrimoniaux prennent de plus en plus souvent place des évènements sonorisés (défilés de mode, concerts, spectacles son et lumière, etc.) dont les forts niveaux acoustiques font vibrer les objets exposés et leurs supports.
Des différents facteurs susceptibles d’altérer un bien culturel (paramètres climatiques inadéquats, lumière, polluants, micro-organismes, etc.), les chocs et les vibrations sont les derniers à avoir été considérés par les professionnels du patrimoine. Pourtant, la soumission répétée ou ponctuelle à des contraintes vibratoires même de faibles amplitudes peut provoquer un dommage mécanique. En milieu patrimonial, il est donc nécessaire de protéger les collections des sources et des effets des vibrations.
Le colloque « Vibration & conservation » a donné la parole aux différents acteurs du patrimoine (préventeurs, régisseurs, conservateur-restaurateurs, conservateurs et scientifiques de la conservation) pour faire état de solutions pratiques de protection des objets contre les vibrations, mais aussi de problèmes rencontrés n’ayant jusqu’ici pas trouvé de solutions. Sa première journée fut dédiée à des interventions orales réparties en trois sessions, selon deux formats de présentation possibles : tantôt une présentation thématique d’une vingtaine de minutes, tantôt une brève présentation de problèmes (2 minutes). La seconde journée proposa des ateliers pratiques de mesures et d’interprétations des vibrations, organisés en fonction des problèmes soumis lors de l’appel à contribution et présentés lors de la première journée.
Overall presentation
Over the course of its life, a heritage object is likely to be called upon to vibrate many times (for example, when it is moved within the institution where it is kept, to a workspace from a storage area, or when it is loaned to another institution). Vibrations can originate either inside the museum, as in the case of visitors’ footsteps or air conditioning systems, or from external sources such as construction work or public transport passing close to the museum. Nowadays, more and more sound events are taking place in museums, from fashion shows to concerts to sound and light shows. As a result, the high acoustic levels produced regularly cause objects and their supports to vibrate.
Among the various factors known to alter cultural property (climatic variations, light, contaminants, microbiology, etc.), shocks and vibrations are the ones most rarely considered by heritage professionals. However, repeated or occasional vibrations, even of low amplitude, can lead to cracking and fracturing. Cultural heritage objects must therefore be protected against this source of deterioration.
The aim of this symposium was to give a voice to the various stakeholders in the heritage sector (preventists, conservator, curators and conservation scientists) in order to discuss practical solutions for protecting objects against vibrations, as well as problems that have been encountered so far but for which solutions have not yet been found. The first day, devoted to presentations, was divided into three sessions. Two presentation formats were possible: either a thematic presentation of around twenty minutes, or a brief presentation (2 minutes) of peculiar problems. The second day featured practical workshops on vibration measurement and interpretation, organised around the problems submitted to the conference call, and presented on the first day.
Comité scientifique / Scientific advisory board
Caroline BIRO, Musée Beauvoisine (musées de Rouen Métropole).
Henri BOUTIN & François OLLIVIER, Sorbonne Université.
Catherine DIDELOT, musée des Arts décoratifs, Paris.
Éléonore KISSEL & Fabrice SAUVAGNARGUES, musée du quai Branly – Jacques-Chirac.
Sandie LE CONTE & Émilie MAUME, Institut national du patrimoine.
Julie LE ROUX & Sandra ISAKOVITCH, musée du Louvre.
Nicolas WILKIE-CHANCELLIER, CY Cergy Paris Université
Programme
9h00–9h30 Accueil des participants / Welcome for participants.
9h30–9h45 Mots d’accueil et présentation des ateliers / Introduction and workshops presentation.
Session 1 : Vibration et transport / Vibration and transport
9H45–10h15 « Experience-based vibration risk management », conférence introductive / keynote speaker, W. (Bill) WEI, Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands, Amsterdam (The Netherlands).
10h15–10h35 « Long distance transportation in Japan continuous vibration measurement and analysis », Hiroshi WADA, Curatorial Research Department, Tokyo National Museum (Japan).
10h35–10h55 « Investigating the efficiency of custom-made backing board systems in mitigating vibrations on canvas », Franziska LIPP, Stiftung Jüdisches Museum Berlin (Germany).
10h55–11h10 questions et discussions / questions and discussions
11h10–11h30 pause / break
Session 2 : Vibration et évènementiel / Vibration and events
11h30–12h00 « On shaky ground. Rethinking vibration monitoring of artworks and museum objects », conférence introductive / keynote speaker, Tom GALIKOWSKI, Bickerdike Allen Partners LLP (United Kingdom) & Dr. Catherine HIGGITT, The National Gallery, London (United Kingdom).
12h–12h15 : présentation de posters / flash talks
- Caroline BIRO, Musée Beauvoisine, Rouen.
- Catherine DIDELOT, musée des Arts décoratifs, Paris.
- Joëlle LE ROUX, musée du Louvre, Paris.
- Arne JOHNSON, Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates (USA).
12h15–12h30 questions et discussions / questions and discussions
Session 3 : Vibration et environnement des collections / vibration and environment of the collection
14h00–14h30 « Le contrôle actif comme solution à l’atténuation des vibrations », conférence introductive / keynote speaker, Henri BOUTIN, Ircam – Sorbonne Université, France.
14h30–14h50 « Évaluation de la sensibilité vibratoire d’insectes naturalisés épinglés et établissement de limites de sécurité », Marion BILLOT, Muséum d’histoire naturelle de Genève, Suisse.
14h50–15h10 « Évaluation expérimentale du comportement vibratoire de collections muséographiques à l’aide d’un excitateur électrodynamique », Alexis DRON, AVLS Orsay, France.
15h10–15h30 questions et discussions / questions and discussions
15h30–15h50 pause / break
15h50–16h10 « Modelling, monitoring and mitigation: investigating the impact of structure-borne vibration on canvas paintings », Jorge G. GARCIA, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
16h10–16h30 « Vibration analysis for paintings in museums and the causes of vibrations due to mechanical loads », Eva HARTLIEB, University of Stuttgart, Germany.
16h50–17h20 présentation de posters / flash talks
- Hélène BOUDIN & Hélène HUYSSEUNE, musée d’Archéologie nationale – Domaine de Saint-Germain-en-Laye (France).
- Amandine HÉLÈNE, conservatrice-restauratrice indépendante (France).
- Aimée SIMS, Heritage and Collections Conservation manager, The Palace of Westminster, House of Commons, London (United Kingdom).
- Claire GUÉRIN, conservatrice-restauratrice indépendante (France) & Marina BIRON, conservatrice-restauratrice en archéologie (France)
17h20–17h40 questions et discussions / questions and discussions
Résumé des interventions
Experience-based vibration risk management
Dr. W. (Bill) WEI
Senior conservation scientist, retired from the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands, Amsterdam (The Netherlands)
info@vibmech.nl
The effect of vibrations on heritage objects remains a major concern to heritage professionals. But is this concern justified? The answer is sometimes yes, but in many cases, no. Vibrations are a form of cyclic loading. Whether or not damage occurs depends not only on vibration level, but also on how long the vibrations last. Most heritage professionals have little or no training in the mechanics of materials to be able to understand the use of this concept. Decisions on loan transport, or concerning other vibration sources such as music, construction or neighbourhood traffic are thus made based solely on vibration levels, fear of the unknown, and/or some anecdotal horror story. Far too many solutions which are being developed to mitigate the effects of vibrations feed on this fear, claiming to reduce vibration levels to “lowest possible levels”, and reducing the risk for damage essentially to zero.
The question is, however, what is this risk? In the past two decades, risk analysis has become recognized as an important aspect of decision-making concerning the preservation of heritage objects. However, though advances have been made in changing the mindset of the conservation world from thinking in terms of no risk, to thinking in terms of acceptable levels of damage, there is, except perhaps for light aging, still a lack of definition of the risks themselves, that is, what is acceptable damage for heritage objects and until when they may occur.
In the engineering world, such a definition is known as a failure criterion. An obvious criterion is that something breaks, but most often, failure criteria are defined as when a component is damaged before it becomes unsafe or no longer functions properly. In order to establish failure criteria, testing and practical experience are required. One can certainly develop safe products without failure criteria, but such products usually would be badly over designed and overly expensive, see e.g. the continuing debate over strict museum climate limits.
In order to develop failure criteria and limits for vibrations on heritage objects, the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands (RCE) has conducted experimental and experience-based research for almost 25 years to determine when damage occurs due to vibrations and to develop low-risk limits (level and duration). Results are visualized using so-called Wöhler or S-N diagrams, graphs of vibration level versus duration, indicating regions of higher risk. Even with the limited evidence collected thus far, heritage professionals can now use the S-N concept to better assess vibration risks, and find simple, practical mitigation solutions, rather than spending large amounts of resources on computer models, academic research, and overdesigned anti-vibration solutions.
Some examples of this approach include:
- An RCE survey of loan transport documentation of 13 major museums has shown that while object transport does have risks, and current levels of caution are certainly warranted, damage is almost never due to vibrations themselves. The cause of damage is most often poor handling or not following packaging instructions. Resources would be better spent on training e.g. museum volunteers, and everyday airport/transport personnel, making them aware of what they are handling.
- Internal movements in museums are of short duration, and specific objects rarely move more than once or twice a year, if at all. Expensive vibration-free carts are rarely necessary. One inexpensive solution: slow down!
- A 2 or 3 mm/s vibration limit has proven to be a good low-risk limit for dealing with single construction and (rock) music events in/near museums, but only in combination with an action plan. S-N diagrams are, however, useful for dealing with management pressure for more public (music) events.
Dr. W. (Bill) WEI (1955) was a senior conservation scientist in the Research Department of the RCE Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands until his retirement in 2021. He has a BSE in mechanical engineering from Princeton University (1977) and a Ph.D. in materials science from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (1983). Before working in the cultural heritage field, he spent almost twenty years in industrial research and development in the areas of advanced materials, mechanical properties, fracture mechanics and fatigue, and corrosion. He has been conducting research into and consulting on the effects of vibrations and mechanical stresses on the condition of fragile works of art and cultural heritage for more than twenty-five years. He is now an independent consultant.
Long distance transportation in Japan: continuous vibration measurement and analysis
Hiroshi WADA
Tokyo National Museum (Japan)
hiroshi.wada@gmail.com
The author is continuing research on the optimization of packaging design by measuring vibrations generated during the transportation of cultural properties and evaluating the risk of each transportation process, with the aim of ensuring the safe transportation of cultural properties. In vibration measurement, various settings for measurement using acceleration data loggers have a significant impact on the accuracy of the overall vibration status of the transport. Specifically, the sampling frequency, wake-up interval, signal trigger level, and window size are important factors. In the past, due to memory size limitations of acceleration data loggers, it was necessary to use either the wake-up interval method, in which the window size is fixed and measurements are taken at regular time intervals, or the signal trigger method, in which measurements are taken only when an acceleration above a certain level is detected, or a combination of both. Therefore, there were time periods when measurements could not be taken, resulting in a certain amount of data loss, especially in the case of long-term transportation. In recent years, this problem has been solved with the advent of models with large internal memory capacity for acceleration data loggers and the ability to add external memory. No special measurement settings are required, and if the data logger is set to continue measurement at a high sampling frequency for a long period of time, vibration data for the entire transport can be obtained with almost no data left behind. However, since the volume of recorded data becomes huge, it is necessary to consider the efficiency of data processing after the measurement.
This paper describes a case study of vibration measurement during the transportation of cultural properties (1,268 glass dry plates) [figure 1] from Tokyo to Okinawa.
The transportation time was four nights and five days, which is a relatively long period for domestic transportation. In order to measure the vibration of the entire transportation process, the author installed a high-capacity memory card in an acceleration data logger and continuously measured the vibration from departure to arrival at a measurement frequency of 800 Hz [figure 2]. Although the amount of data obtained was enormous, a scheme was created to semi-automate the computation of the raw data, and a time-series plot of the output acceleration and vibration frequency was analysed mainly for trends in the occurrence of vibration frequencies. The present communication provides information on an example of an effort to look at the time-series changes in vibration frequency throughout the entire transportation process, and also describes the details of the analysis method used in this study.The overlap analysis method was performed for the power spectral density (PSD) calculations [figure 3; figure 4], and it was finally determined that an overlap rate of 90% and a window size of 7 s would provide a reasonably good definition of the transport in this case.
Vibrations in the frequency range higher than 10 Hz are almost completely blocked in the box, but conversely, vibrations around 10 Hz are large. The transmission coefficient of the above-mentioned frequency around 10 Hz is high. From this, it is estimated that approximately 10 Hz is the resonance frequency of the packing box [figure 5; figure 6].
Dr. Hiroshi WADA is the head of the Conservation Science Section of the Tokyo National Museum. He has been working at the Tokyo National Museum since 2000 as a researcher on preventive conservation. In recent years, he has also conducted research on the relationship between the response characteristics of cultural property materials to vibrations generated during transportation and the accumulation of fatigue, as well as on the application of digital technology to museum activities.
Investigating the efficiency of custom-made backing board systems in mitigating vibrations on canvas
Franziska LIPP
Stiftung Jüdisches Museum Berlin (Germany)
f.lipp@jmberlin.de
Vibrations in museum exhibition spaces pose a significant threat to canvas paintings, especially when displayed on freestanding walls susceptible to foot traffic, events, or construction activities. Traditional approaches to dampening vibrations at building or exhibition walls are often impractical or cost-prohibitive in a museum environment. Consequently, there is a need to mitigate vibrations directly at the painting level. This study evaluates the effectiveness of cushioned backing boards with fleece inlays, a common conservation technique, in reducing vibration damage. The benefit of this method is assessed using canvas paintings currently displayed on freestanding glass steles in the permanent exhibition of the Jewish Museum Berlin.
Through an interdisciplinary collaboration between the Conservation Department at the Jewish Museum Berlin and the Engineering Department at the Technical University of Berlin, this research addresses a critical gap in understanding the vibration-dampening properties of backing board materials. A survey among painting conservators and an extensive literature review revealed that while conservators prioritize materials with favorable aging properties, knowledge regarding vibration dampening is lacking. In this study, vibrations were measured at the canvas level to assess painting movement, and determine the most effective backing board materials. Testing various backing board compositions on different original and dummy paintings using a custom-built test stand equipped with a triangulation laser enables precise measurement of numerous points, providing a high-resolution picture of the entire surface area of the painting under controlled vibrational conditions. Comparing the same painting with and without its ideal cushioned backing board clearly demonstrated the effectiveness of a fitted cushioned backing board system.
Additionally, the mechanical properties of painting and backing board materials were investigated. Combined with the vibration testing results, a digital finite element model was developed to simulate painting behavior with specific backing boards during vibration[1]. Clusters of paintings with similar behavior were identified, suggesting material combinations tailored to specific painting properties and dimensions.
Research results show that a custom-made combination of rigid backing boards with a selected cushioning insert, such as stiff fleece inlays, along with an improved mounting technique in the frame, results in promising vibration mitigation for canvas paintings exhibited in a museum. At the Jewish Museum Berlin, canvas paintings on glass steles, affected by vibrations due to visitor footsteps, have been successfully fitted with individually built cushioned backing board solutions. Consequently, this study aims to guide material selection tailored to individual paintings, helping conservators in choosing the best protection for artworks in museum environments to prevent long-term damage.
Franziska LIPP is a paintings conservator at the Jewish Museum Berlin. With a degree in conservation from the University of Applied Arts in Vienna, she has worked in museums across Germany, Austria and Ireland, dedicated to preserving artworks and cultural heritage.
Kerstin KRACHT is an engineer for vibration technology and continuum mechanics at the TU Berlin. In application-oriented research, development and teaching, she has been passing on her expertise for 20 years for the preservation of works of art and cultural goods.
Since 2020, Franziska LIPP and Kerstin KRACHT have been collaborating on a transdisciplinary project focused on the effects of vibrations on canvas paintings in exhibition displays and strategies for reducing them using backing board systems.
On shaky ground. Rethinking vibration monitoring of artworks and museum objects
Tomasz GALIKOWSKI
Bickerdike Allen Partners, London (United Kingdom)
tgalikowski@bickerdikeallen.com
Catherine HIGGITT
National Gallery, London (United Kingdom)
catherine.higgitt@nationalgallery.org.uk
Peter HENSON
Bickerdike Allen Partners, London (United Kingdom)
To engage new audiences and generate revenue, heritage institutions are using their collections and buildings in increasingly diverse ways and in today’s 24 hour museum activity does not cease when the visitors leave. This often inadvertently results in increased exposure of objects to vibration, both in terms of the vibration levels experienced and the regularity of exposure. This increased exposure, from activities like loan transportation, construction works or hosting music events near collections poses a risk of object damage. The damage can include cracking, loss of friable surface layers, delamination or displacement, e.g. objects “walking” off surfaces. Damage can occur suddenly due to extreme loads or cumulatively through resonance or fatigue. The impact on individual objects depends on a multitude of factors which, along with magnitude, frequency content and duration of exposure, include aspects that are source-based (e.g. type of construction machinery), path dependent and object specific (type and condition, materials and construction, display or storage method). Given the numerous factors influencing vibration impact, monitoring every object simultaneously is impractical for institutions housing diverse collections. Therefore, to safeguard collections it is desirable to keep the vibration to which objects are exposed below certain limits in order to keep the risk of immediate and longer-term damage at acceptable, low levels.
In 2008, the British Museum started the construction of its World Conservation and Exhibition Centre (WCEC), designed to house new exhibition space, collections storage and conservation studios, and scientific laboratories [figure 8]. The WCEC sits in the heart of the museum which stayed open throughout the project with the collection remaining in-situ. It was therefore important to define vibration criteria both to protect the collection and for design purposes. In 2008, little had been published on vibration criteria for museum collections but generally the limits suggested were either based on in-house measurements during various types of activity or were based on criteria for building damage, laboratory equipment sensitivity or human vibration perceptibility (e.g. BS 6472, VC Curves, BS 7385-2, DIN 4150-3, USBM RI 8507). The typical approach is to define limits based on single-figure parameters such as peak particle velocity (PPV) or acceleration (expressed in G). Limits based on single-value metrics are easy to measure using accessible, inexpensive equipment and well understood by contractors, project managers and planners. However, these methods often focus on instantaneous “peak” values and/or typically do not consider frequency content, duration, or resonance. As a result, real-time monitoring systems based on these limits can result in many false alarms and lead to project delays, unnecessary and expensive collection decants, and reduced reliability of the system. It is also unclear whether the “peak” metric is the most suitable for assessing the vibration risk to artworks and museum objects.
This paper will present an alternative approach based on time-weighted and frequency-resolved vibration measurements. It will explain the basis and benefits of considering the frequency spectrum as a means of vibration monitoring. This approach, based on root mean square (RMS) vibration measurements [figure 9] and RMS frequency-resolved vibration limits was developed by the authors in 2008 for the British Museum’s WCEC project.
The resulting RMS, frequency-resolved criteria were based on acceleration measurements (for ease of measurement), expressed in dB units (with reference to 10-6 m/s2). The so-called “BM criteria” have since been successfully used for over 15 years in numerous other projects at heritage institutions [figure 10].
It has proven to be highly flexible for a range of collection types, projects and applications, and to offer better control than single-metric criteria. In addition to being used to monitor construction projects and events with music or sound, the approach has also been employed during the development of collection mitigation measures or design of new exhibition spaces for example. A series of case studies will be presented demonstrating the use and adaptability of the RMS, frequency-resolved approach:
- BM criteria preventing objects walking where nominally equivalent PPV limits could not;
- The possibility to “tune” such vibration criteria to deal with high levels of background vibration (e.g. underground trains) at a particular frequency or frequencies;
- Suitability of this approach and the BM criteria for designing mitigation measures to protect the collection from vibration generated by construction or to help control sound-induced vibration from events with music adjacent to display galleries and for specifying design criteria;
- Possible extension of this approach to assess events with music within display galleries where both structure-borne and air-borne vibrations are involved.
Tomasz GALIKOWSKI is an acoustic consultant and associate at Bickerdike Allen Partners LLP with over 14 years of relevant experience and a research interest in the effect of structural and air-borne vibration on cultural heritage artefacts and historic buildings. Examples include the British Museum WCEC and National Gallery NG200 projects and work at the Victoria & Albert Museum, and Science Museum Group.
Catherine HIGGITT is principal scientist at the National Gallery in London. She was previously head of science at the British Museum where her involvement in the World Conservation and Exhibitions Centre project started her interest in understanding the impact of vibration from a range of sources on heritage collections and approaches to mitigation of the associated risks.
Peter HENSON was a Partner at Bickerdike Allen Partners LLP during the British Museum WCEC project, and was instrumental in the development of the methodology described above.
Applying active control to the conservation of heritage objects
Henri BOUTIN
laboratoire Sciences et technologies de la musique et du son (STMS), Sorbonne Université / Ircam, Paris (France)
boutin@ircam.fr
Loïc FORMA
laboratoire Systèmes et applications des technologies de l’information et de l’énergie (Satie), CY Cergy Paris Université, Neuville (France) & STMS, Sorbonne Université / Ircam, Paris (France)
Sandie LE CONTE
Institut national du patrimoine, Paris (France)
Nicolas WILKIE-CHANCELLIER
laboratoire Satie, CY Cergy Paris Université, Neuville (France)
Marguerite JOSSIC
musée de la Musique, Cité de la musique – Philarmonie de Paris / CRC, Paris (France)
The conservation of heritage objects can be affected by various sources of deterioration. For some of these, such as variations in temperature or humidity, or light flux, regulations have made it possible to monitor works when they are exhibited or moved. High-level vibration is also a source of degradation that is increasingly reported in the literature, but for which no standards have yet been imposed on a large scale, and no systematic protection devices have yet been adopted. This may be due to the large variety of vibration characteristics in the heritage field, depending on whether they are produced by acoustic or mechanical sources, and whether they reach the object by airborne or solid-borne propagation.
In other fields of industry, the observation of vibration-related damage has led to the development of two categories of solutions. The first, known as passive, aims to isolate the object from the source of vibration, e.g. using damping materials (foams, springs, inextensible wires), and therefore consumes no energy. A few examples of passive solutions have been developed in the heritage field[2]. In contrast, active control solutions use other, so-called secondary sources, which convert an electrical signal into vibration, in order to produce a contribution on the object in phase opposition to the original source and thus minimize the resulting vibration. The electrical signal comes from measuring the initial vibration signal and then processing it (filtering, phase shifting and amplifying). The effectiveness of this type of solution therefore depends on the choice of transducers and their positioning.
In the heritage sector, measured vibrations have a relatively low frequency content, below a few hundred hertz. In this frequency range, passive solutions require large absorbers, unsuitable for museums and transport vehicles. On the other hand, thanks to the small size of the transducers available and the adaptability of the control algorithms, active solutions are not very intrusive and are particularly well suited to the diversity of shapes and materials found in heritage objects.
For these reasons, the work presented here describes an active solution developed during Loïc Forma’s PhD thesis[3]. It aims to attenuate the vibrations experienced by heritage objects in museums or in vehicles during transport. First, this work outlines the objectives of such a solution in a set of specifications, based on measurements carried out in museums[4] and recommendations provided by museum staff. The active control solution was then implemented and tested on an experimental bench, faithfully reproducing a work mounting from the Musée de la Musique, Paris. Finally, analysis tools were developed to quantify the performance of this solution and to compare it objectively with other solutions previously proposed in the heritage field.
This research was supported by Paris Seine Graduate School of Humanities, Creation, Heritage, Investissements d’Avenir (ANR-17-EURE-0021-Foundation for Cultural Heritage Science).
Henri BOUTIN est maître de conférences à Sorbonne Université, dans le laboratoire STMS à l’Ircam. Ses travaux de recherche portent, depuis sa thèse soutenue à Sorbonne Université, sur les premières méthodes de contrôle actif d’instruments de musique, ainsi que sur l’acoustique de la voix et des instruments à vent. Au sein du projet « Vibration & conservation », il est actuellement impliqué dans le développement de solutions de contrôle actif adaptatif visant à atténuer les vibrations subies par les objets du patrimoine.
Évaluation de la sensibilité vibratoire d’insectes naturalisés épinglés, et établissement de limites de sécurité
Marion BILLOT
Muséum d’histoire naturelle de Genève
marion.billot@ville-ge.ch
Le Muséum d’histoire naturelle de Genève (MHNG), actuellement en travaux de construction et de rénovation, a mandaté, en amont du chantier, l’expertise de l’entreprise Résonance Ingénieurs-Conseils SA pour définir les effets des vibrations sur les collections entomologiques conservées à sec. L’objectif était de déterminer les limites acceptables de vibrations auxquelles les collections peuvent être soumises afin de garantir leur préservation durant les travaux.
Une campagne de mesures a été menée sur un panel de cinq boîtes entomologiques contenant chacune une sélection similaire d’insectes épinglés. Les mesures ont été effectuées à l’aide d’une table vibrante munie d’un capteur de vitesse et d’un accéléromètre. La table était paramétrée pour appliquer une force d’amplitude constante sur une plage de fréquence entre 1 et 200 Hz. Ainsi, l’amplitude vibratoire en fonction de la fréquence était constante en accélération, mais diminuait en vitesse. Le mouvement des spécimens ou les éventuels dommages étaient relevés en précisant la force et la fréquence de la vibration appliquée. Dans un premier temps, des vibrations de force constante (de 75 à 500 N, soit des accélérations respectives de 1,6 à 11 m/s2) et de fréquence croissante et linéaire (de 1 à 200 Hz), ont été appliquées verticalement et horizontalement sur chaque boîte pendant cinq minutes. Une mise en résonance de parties spécifiques des spécimens (pattes, antennes ou ailes) ou des mouvements de rotation autour des aiguilles ont été observés dès 100 N (2,2 m/s2) dans la direction horizontale, et dès 200 N (4,4 m/s2) dans la direction verticale, pour une fréquence de 20 Hz. Dans la direction verticale, seul un spécimen s’est décollé de son support à 400 N (8,8 m/s2), alors que dans la direction horizontale, des ruptures de parties spécifiques ont été observées dès 200 N (4,2 m/s2) pour des fréquences supérieures à 100 Hz dans les deux cas. Dans un second temps, afin d’étudier les effets dans la direction qui semblait avoir le plus d’impact, à savoir l’axe horizontal, et pour étudier le phénomène de fatigue, des essais ont été réalisés pendant 30 minutes avec une fréquence variant aléatoirement entre 1 et 200 Hz pour une force de 100 N (2,2 m/s2), puis de 200 N (4,4 m/s2). Aucun dégât n’a été observé sur les spécimens. Les boîtes en elles-mêmes n’ont montré aucun dommage. Ainsi les limites vibratoires proposées ne sont pas dépendantes du type de boîte. Bien que les modules en carton soient entrés en résonance aux basses fréquences (de 20 Hz à 40 Hz), les spécimens qu’ils contenaient n’ont pas été dégradés.
Le comportement dynamique de trois types d’armoires de stockage des boîtes (armoire fixe, Compactus® manuel et motorisé) a été étudié pour établir la fonction de transfert des vibrations entre le sol et le sommet des armoires. Cette analyse a permis de tenir compte de la variabilité liée aux armoires et à leur position dans l’espace. Les mesures ont montré que les Compactus peuvent amplifier les vibrations jusqu’à un facteur 10, tandis que les armoires fixes peuvent amplifier jusqu’à quatre fois les vibrations verticales et trente fois les vibrations horizontales. Ces fonctions de transfert montraient que les amplifications se produisent principalement à des fréquences inférieures à 100 Hz.
Ces différentes mesures ont ainsi permis de définir une limite de sensibilité vibratoire des spécimens qui ont été comparées à des niveaux vibratoires enregistrés lors de travaux similaires, auxquels ont été appliquées les fonctions de transfert des armoires. Ce pronostic a permis de conclure que les limites de sensibilité seraient probablement dépassées pour certains types de travaux, en conséquence de quoi un protocole de suivi des vibrations a été mis en place pendant toute la durée des travaux afin d’assurer la protection des collections entomologiques.
Marion Billot est conservatrice-restauratrice diplômée de la Haute-École Arc (promotion 2018) et forte de quatre ans d’expérience en conservation préventive à la Bibliothèque de Genève, Marion est aujourd’hui collaboratrice support scientifique dans la section Invertébrés du Muséum d’Histoire naturelle de Genève, où elle contribue à la gestion des collections.
Évaluation expérimentale du comportement vibratoire de collections muséographiques à l’aide d’un excitateur électrodynamique
Alexis DRON
AVLS (France)
alexis.dron@avls-fr.com
Christophe LAURENT & Cédric BARBA ROSSA
AVLS (France)
Les collections muséographiques peuvent être soumises à des sollicitations vibratoires diverses. La réalisation de travaux à proximité ou la simple circulation de visiteurs sont autant de sources vibratoires possibles. Ces sollicitations peuvent dégrader la qualité de la visite pour le public et dans les cas les plus extrêmes laisser craindre des détériorations inacceptables touchant à des éléments de patrimoine souvent uniques.
Différentes méthodologies peuvent être définies afin de caractériser la sensibilité des objets à protéger en intégrant la configuration de la structure les accueillant et de proposer des solutions visant à limiter les niveaux vibratoires induits par ces sollicitations. Une approche expérimentale possible est d’employer un excitateur électrodynamique afin de contrôler la source de vibrations en fréquence et amplitude. Ces essais peuvent être réalisés in-situ dans les lieux d’exposition. Dans certaines configurations, il est aussi possible de réaliser ces tests en laboratoire directement sur des échantillons représentatifs. L’avantage de l’approche expérimentale est de disposer de valeurs objectives de niveaux vibratoires associées à des configurations réelles complexes (objet, mode de fixation, environnement structurel, etc.). La détermination directe de niveaux vibratoires acceptables pour les collections permet alors la définition de gabarits à respecter et/ou de solutions de réduction des niveaux vibratoires.
Il est proposé dans le cadre de cette communication de détailler les démarches expérimentales réalisées dans deux cas distincts d’application afin de décrire le déroulé des études et les recommandations qui en découlent. Les deux cas d’étude présentés sont d’une part la collection d’entomologie du Muséum national d’histoire naturelle à Paris et d’autre part les vitrines des expositions temporaires et permanentes de la collection Al-Thani situées dans l’hôtel de la Marine à Paris.
Les problématiques rencontrées sur ces deux études étaient de natures différentes. Dans le cas de la collection d’entomologie du Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, il s’agissait de statuer sur le risque de dégradation des éléments de la collection dans le cas de travaux d’agrandissements réalisés à proximité. Dans le cas de la collection Al-Thani, il s’agissait de quantifier le risque de mise en résonance d’éléments de la collection lors du déplacement des visiteurs dans les différentes salles d’exposition. Pour ces deux études, la démarche expérimentale a consisté en trois étapes :
- étape 1. Estimation des niveaux vibratoires auxquels sont soumis les éléments des collections dans leur environnement courant,
- étape 2. Application d’une excitation vibratoire contrôlée par l’intermédiaire d’un excitateur électrodynamique afin de caractériser la sensibilité en amplitude et/ou fréquence des collections aux vibrations,
- étape 3. Définition de recommandations en termes de niveaux vibratoires à respecter et/ou de solutions de réduction des niveaux vibratoires. Le dispositif expérimental mis en œuvre pour l’étape 2 faisait intervenir l’excitateur électrodynamique dépendant.
Dans le cas de la collection d’entomologie, il était possible d’utiliser des échantillons représentatifs mais non patrimoniaux fournis par l’établissement pour réaliser ces tests. Ceux-ci ont été mis en place directement sur l’excitateur et soumis à des niveaux vibratoires de différentes natures pour statuer sur les risques de dégradation en fonction de l’amplitude et de la fréquence. Dans le cas de la collection Al-Thani, l’excitateur a été mis en œuvre sur le plancher support directement au pied des vitrines afin de permettre l’observation d’un éventuel phénomène de résonance lors de balayages en fréquence. La sollicitation est appliquée sur une gamme basses fréquences représentative de sollicitations de type marche piétonne. A partir de ces résultats, des principes de traitement ont pu être identifiés pour limiter les risques de mise en résonance.
Alexis DRON participe depuis plus de 25 ans, au sein du bureau d’études AVLS aux études dynamiques et en particulier aux campagnes de mesures vibratoires et acoustique. Son expérience s’est enrichie par le développement de logiciels et de moyens de mesures visant à répondre aux besoins très variés du domaine de la dynamique des structures. Alexis Dron a notamment participé à de nombreuses études sur des éléments de patrimoine architecturaux (Tour Eiffel, nef du Grand Palais, palais de Chaillot) et artistiques (musée d’Orsay, musée du Louvre, Fondation Louis-Vuitton). C’est dans ce cadre qu’il a participé aux études dynamiques réalisées au Muséum national d’histoire naturelle et à l’hôtel de la Marine, à Paris, qui font l’objet de cette présentation.
Modelling, monitoring and mitigation: investigating the impact of structure-borne vibration on canvas paintings
Jorge GARCIA
University of Oxford (United Kingdom)
jorge.garciagarcia@eng.ox.ac.uk
Lynne HARISSON
National Gallery of London (United Kingdom)
Catherine HIGGITT
National Gallery of London (United Kingdom)
Manolis CHATZIS
University of Oxford (United Kingdom)
Exposure to physical forces, including vibration, is a known risk to paintings and museum objects. However, the impacts of such exposure are poorly understood compared to other agents of deterioration. This presentation focuses on the interaction between structure-borne vibrations in museum buildings and paintings, a critical yet understudied aspect within structural dynamics and conservation science.
Structure-borne vibrations resulting from a range of sources, including footfall, building works, or activities taking place within/adjacent to the museum building, can affect the condition and long-term preservation of paintings. We have developed a modelling approach integrating engineering structural dynamics principles with conservation methodologies in order to investigate these interactions and link them with the fatigue experienced by the different layers in the canvas painting. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and modal analysis techniques are employed to simulate the dynamic behaviour of canvas paintings, predicting the corresponding vibrations when the supporting gallery wall vibrates. Computational models were then utilized to assess the resonant frequencies, mode shapes, and vibration amplification experienced.
Acceleration levels associated with a range of different activities were measured at the National Gallery (London) within display galleries using accelerometers. The model allows quantification of the effects of those excitations to the painting. The resulting displacement, acceleration and stresses at various points of the paintings are generated. As such, the model makes it possible to assess the effect of different activities on the fatigue life of the paintings. The behaviour of paintings in response to vibrational inputs depends on various factors, such as the Young’s modulus of the materials, the pre-stress applied in the canvas fabric, and the thickness of different layers of the painting. These properties influence how paintings respond to vibrations and the model can be used to assess the impact of these parameters on the stress values of the different layers and, ultimately, their fatigue life. The modelled response of paintings can also be compared with existing approaches mainly based on velocity criteria. One of the largest sources of uncertainty regarding the fatigue life predictions emanates from the lack of information about some material properties of artists’ materials. The existing published data provides a wide range of values for some of these properties. This study also investigates how those sources of uncertainty can affect the resulting predicted fatigue life of the paintings and the characterization of an activity as damaging or not.
The presentation further demonstrates how the ability to relate measurements from structural elements of a building to vibrations experienced by individual paintings can be used to develop informed preventive conservation approaches and mitigation strategies to be put in place. The incorporation of such strategies in real-time monitoring and alert systems will be discussed. Overall, this contribution will present a set of data obtained from a monitoring campaign within the National Gallery and the integration of engineering structural dynamics principles with conservation methodologies for understanding and mitigating the impacts of structure-borne vibrations on paintings. This comprehensive approach ensures that museums can better preserve their collections, safeguarding cultural heritage for future generations.
Jorge GARCIA started his DPhil studies in 2021. He obtained his bachelors’ degree in biochemistry from Universidad Complutense de Madrid (Spain) and Conservation at Universidad Politecnica de Valencia (Valencia) where he obtained his MFA in Conservation and Restoration of archaeological objects and sculpture. He has worked at the National Gallery of London and as objects conservator in the Science Museum and different projects both as freelance and private companies.
Vibration analysis in museums for paintings and the causes of vibrations due to mechanical loads
Eva HARTLIEB
Institute of Engineering and Computational Mechanics, University of Stuttgart (Germany)
eva.hartlieb@itm.uni-stuttgart.de
Dr.-Ing. Pascal ZIEGLER & Prof. Dr.-Ing. Peter EBERHARD
Institute of Engineering and Computational Mechanics, University of Stuttgart (Germany)
Artworks, in addition to facing climatic and other influences, endure dynamic loads and stresses. These influences generate measurable vibrations, affecting structural integrity and potentially causing material fatigue. Cumulative vibrations lead to microscopic alterations and visible damage over time, presenting significant challenges for conservation efforts.
The study examines vibration diversity in museum collections, originating from sources like visitor movements, street traffic, and internal events. It redirects attention from vibrations during art transportation to those present in everyday museum environments. It examines transmission pathways, including spatial structures, airborne sound, and vibrations from external sources like construction activities and musical events. By mapping the vibration landscape, the study clarifies how disturbances propagate within museum spaces and how they affect the artwork. A data collection in several museums and settings was performed, using acceleration sensors. This is crucial for understanding art object responses to these influences. Although it is necessary to understand what causes vibrations in art objects, it is also necessary to know how they affect the material structure.
Research into the complex relationships between vibration sources and their effects on works of art requires a fundamental investigation. The source of excitation and thus the cause of mechanical stress, must be understood as a direct reason for damage. The extent of vibration-induced damage on works of art generally depends on several factors, including the materials used, their composition, and structural characteristics. The diversity of materials, coupled with their pre-existing damage and unknown aging processes, complicate a clear assessment. Precise understanding of the thresholds specific to various materials and types of artworks is essential to devising effective conservation strategies. This requires a multidisciplinary approach, incorporating materials science, structural engineering, and conservation expertise to accurately evaluate and mitigate the risks associated with vibration-induced damage.
As part of ongoing research, a test rig was developed that can be used to analyse the progression of damage caused by vibrations on test specimens close to paintings on canvas. By controlling the excitation frequencies and the associated amplitudes, the effects of continuous load cycles on the test objects are assessed. The aim of these fundamental fatigue tests is to create a knowledge base on the damage progression of paintings on canvas.
The test rig utilizes advanced technologies such as a dSPACE real-time system for data acquisition and control, as well as a high-speed camera for capturing detailed images of the damage processes. Additionally, a Laser Doppler Vibrometer measures vibration velocity with high precision. These components work together to provide accurate and reliable data on the mechanical behaviour of the specimens. The data collected from these experiments will be used to generate material-specific fatigue curves, known as S-N-curves, relating yield stress (S) with the number of cycles (N). These curves are essential in predicting the lifespan and durability of materials under cyclic loading conditions.
This way, these investigations contribute to a better understanding of the behavior of paintings under mechanical stress and improve the protection of cultural heritage from the damaging effects of mechanical vibrations. Furthermore, the knowledge gained from these tests can be applied to develop guidelines and standards for the transportation, display, and conservation of artworks, ensuring their preservation for future generations.
Eva HARTLIEB is a conservator for paintings and painted sculptures. She completed her studies at the State Academy of Fine Arts Stuttgart in 2021. Since then, she has been researching the damage behaviour of paintings on canvas through dynamic processes at the Institute of Engineering and Computational Mechanics at the University of Stuttgart.
[1] Franziska LIPP & Kerstin KRACHT, « Specific backing boards for canvas paintings. An improved method based on vibration testing and finite element modelling », presented at the 5th International Conference on Innovation in Art Research and Technology (Paris, 28 June-1st July 2022).
[2] Jean-Michel GÉNEVAUX & Bertrand LE DANTEC, « Optimized anti-vibratory system for stretched canvas artwork hanging in a museum », Journal of cultural heritage, vol. 15, n° 4, 2014, p. 382-390 ; Anna SEROTTA & Andy SMYTH, « Managing construction-induced vibration in the museum environment », in Suzanne DAVIS, Kari DODSON & Emily HAMILTON (dir), Objects Specialty Group postprints. Volume twenty-one, Washington DC, American Institute for Conservation of Historic & Artistic Works, 2014, p. 263-279 ; William WEI, Siobhan WATTS, Tracey SEDDON & David CROMBIE, « Protecting museum collections from vibrations due to construction: vibration statistics, limits, flexibility and cooperation », Studies in conservation, vol. 63, supp1. 1, 2018, p. 293-300.
[3] Loïc FORMA, « Système de contrôle actif de vibrations pour la conservation des objets du patrimoine », thèse de doctorat soutenue à CY Cergy Paris Université (Cergy, 2023) [en ligne], https://theses.fr/2023CYUN1207 [lien valide en décembre 2024].
[4] Loïc FORMA, Henri BOUTIN, Marguerite JOSSIC, Sandie LE CONTE & Nicolas WILKIE-CHANCELLIER, « Vibrations and cultural heritage preservation: a new approach to protect objects », The European physical journal plus, vol. 138, n° 4, 2023, p. 310.
OpenEdition vous propose de citer ce billet de la manière suivante :
INP (5 décembre 2024). Colloque « Vibration & conservation » : présentation et résumés. Variations patrimoniales. Le carnet de l’INP. Consulté le 24 janvier 2025 à l’adresse https://doi.org/10.58079/12ujb